Essay on The Cherokee Trail of Tears - 1035 Words

With the discovery of the New World came a whole lot of new problems. Native American Indians lived in peace and harmony until European explorers interrupted that bliss with the quest for money and power. The European explorers brought with them more people. These people and their descendants starting pushing the natives out of their homes, out of their land, far before the 1800s. However, in the 1800s, the driving force behind the removal of the natives intensified. Thousands of indians during this time were moved along the trail known as Nunna dual Tsung, meaning â€Å"The Trail Where They Cried† (â€Å"Cherokee Trail of Tears†). The Trail of Tears was not only unjust and unconstitutional, but it also left many indians sick, heartbroken, and dead.†¦show more content†¦In 1835, the Treaty of Echota was negotiated by President Jackson and Major Ridge along with self-appointed representatives of the Cherokee Nation (History). These representatives of the Cheroke e Nation were known as the Treaty Party and totaled about 100 people. The council of the Cherokee Nation had previously passed a law that stated that anyone who gave up their ancestral land would be put to death. So by signing this treaty, most of the Treaty Party would be put to death upon arrival to their new land (â€Å"A Brief History†). For the treaty to pass, it had to be ratified by the United States Senate. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster spoke against the treaty, but despite their best efforts, it passed. Chief John Ross led the Ross Party that was made up of those against the removal and Treaty of Echota. More than 16,000 Cherokee Indians of 17,000 signed Ross’s petition against the treaty. That means over 94 percent of the indians were against the treaty used by the United States government to justify their actions against the native Cherokee people. The Treaty of Echota sealed the fate of the people despite the fact that they were unfairly represented (Histor y). The Treaty of Echota gave up all the indian land east of the Mississippi for 5 million dollars. The Cherokee would receive land in the Indian Territory. They were also promised things they would lose including livestock, tools, and otherShow MoreRelatedCherokee Trail Of Tears : Removal849 Words   |  4 PagesCherokee Trail of Tears: Removal: 500 Nations In 1830, congress passed President Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Act. This policy allowed the United States government to extinguish the Cherokee, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminole and many other tribes title to their land. The Indians had to leave the land and life they had always known in the Southeastern United States behind. This disturbing event was named the Trail of Tears because many Native Americans died during the process of marching toRead MoreTrail of Tears: the Removal of the Cherokee Nation1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe old Cherokee nation was a large thriving tribe located in northern Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee, which was a region known as Appalachia. Because of greedy landowners wanting more money, land for themselves and land for their crops, this forced the Cherokees out of their land and into another region. The government, specifically Andrew Jackson, wanted the land because it was land that he â€Å"needed†. He needed this land b ecause he felt it would increase the white population andRead MoreThe Impacts Of A Cherokee Story : Trail Of Tears920 Words   |  4 PagesA Cherokee Story: Trail of Tears One of the major atrocities early in the United States (US) expansion came after President Andrew Jackson approved of and signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This document set the foundation for what would be known as the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was the forceful relocation of give main Native American tribes from their eastern lands, to newly established territories located west of the Mississippi River (Dwyer, 2014, p. 33). After researching theRead MoreCherokee Removal, Part Of The Trail Of Tears2515 Words   |  11 Pages  Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Alabama to the Indian Territory in the then Western United States, and the resultant deaths along the way and at the end of the movement of an estimated 4000 Cherokee. The Cherokee have come to call the event Nu na da ul tsun yi ; another term is Tlo va sa --both phrases not used at the timeRead MoreCherokee Native American Indians and the Trail of Tears1250 Words   |  5 PagesCherokee Native American Indians and the Trail of Tears What made the Cherokee culture distinctive towards others in the Trail of Tears time period was that they had a more peaceful, harmless outlook on the situation. In 1814, Andrew Jackson who would eventually become the President of the United States, had his and his whole army’s lives on the line in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend to the British forces when the Cherokee allied with them to win the battle. Surprisingly, 16 years later when JacksonRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation1106 Words   |  5 PagesMost Americans have at least some vague image of the Trail of Tears, but not very many know of the events that led to that tragic removal of several thousand Indians from their homeland. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government, and Indians had to agree to removal to preserve their identity as tribes. Trail of Tears is an excellent snapshot of a particular situation and will be eye opening to those who are not familiar with the story of the southern tribes and theirRead MoreAn American Betrayal: Cherokee Patriots and the Trail of Tears801 Words   |  3 PagesBook Review An American Betrayal: Cherokee Patriots and the Trail of Tears The book An American Betrayal: Cherokee Patriots and the Trail of Tears finds its basis in the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The dispute between the two groups took place with President Jackson leading the Americans and John Ross leading the Cherokee Indians. The author tries to give an account of the events following the Indian Removal Act of 1830 through the eyes of the Cherokees. The Red Indians felt betrayed by theRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation1315 Words   |  6 Pages Most Americans have at least some vague understanding of the Trail of Tears, but not many know about the events that led to that tragic removal of thousands of Indians from their homeland. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government. The Indians had to agree to removal to maintain their tribe identities. Trail of Tears is an excellent example of a particular situation and will be eye opening to those who are not familiar with the story of the southern tribes and theirRead MoreIndian Removal : The Cherokee, Jackson, And The Trail Of Tears2260 Words   |  10 Pages Trail of Tears BRIA 21 1 c Indian Removal: The Cherokees, Jackson, and the â€Å"Trail of Tears† CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION Bill of Rights in Action Winter 2004 (21:1) Executive Power BRIA 21: 1 Home | Machiavelli and The Prince | Detaining U.S. Citizens as Enemy Combatants | Jackson and Indian Removal Indian Removal: The Cherokees, Jackson, and the â€Å"Trail of Tears† President Andrew Jackson pursued a policy of removing the Cherokees and other Southeastern tribes from their homelands to theRead MoreCherokee Population Losses During Trail Of Tears : A New Perspective788 Words   |  4 PagesCurrently, when the losses suffered by the Cherokee Nation as a result of their forced removal are discussed, there is a focus on the loss in numbers. However, Russell Thornton’s â€Å"Cherokee Population Losses During Trail of Tears: A New Perspective and a New Estimate† clearly presents a new, suitably researched perspective that argues the focus should not be only on those that died, but also on those that never lived. Thornton is a professor at UCLA in the Anthropology department. He has a number

A Modest Proposal And The Handmaids Tale - 1592 Words

Satire is used to criticize and point out society’s flaws. The criticism is usually masked in humour. The irony is commonly used in satires to expose flaws, an effective example is John Smith’s A Modest Proposal, he effectively uses irony, to communicate his argument about the poverty in Ireland at the time. Similarly, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale criticizes the society that women have to live in. Atwood uses allusions to the Old Testament and historical events to satirize the oppression of women in political, religious and social aspects. Atwood parallels the Cultural Revolution in China to the how the Gilead government gains power and control over the United States. The Chinese communist leader, Mao Zedong launched the†¦show more content†¦The trials took place in Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1693. Accused witches were victims of mob mentality, mass hysteria and scapegoating. The trials began after a group of girls acted st rangely and a local doctor suggested they were bewitched. The girls accused a local slave and other women of bewitching them. The witch trials took place in front of the public. In the novel, dead bodies are hung on the wall for illegal acts. This puts fear into people and allows you to control them, which is how Gilead is able to control the people. Furthermore, Gilead society is very similar to the Taliban principles. Some of the principles Taliban put in place include women being not allowed to work, ban on female activity outside the house, women wear a long veil from head to toe, and ban on cosmetics, high heels, perfume, laughing and colourful clothing. These rules are very similar to how women have to behave in the novel, â€Å"By silencing women and taking all sorts of power from women, Gilead society remains in control.† (Yazdani 86). These bans are justified in Gilead, because they were put in place to protect women from dangerous men. Atwood parallels the Gilead so ciety to Taliban principles to show us that we should not take things literally from religious books because those books were written in a very different time from what we live in now. It serves as a warning to our world (the USA and Canada) and howShow MoreRelatedCultural Criticism In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood1011 Words   |  5 Pageswide range of topics to analyze literature. Cultural criticism considers a variety of perspectives and branches of knowledge to discover the compilation of beliefs and customs that characterize a group of people. For a cultural reading of The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, a cultural critic would consider the historical background paired with theories such as Marxism and feminism to make assumptions about what culture engendered the creation of this novel. (104 words) Cultural criticismRead MoreControlling Reader Response in the Handmaids Tale1257 Words   |  6 PagesLONG ESSAY Conventions of a prose text may, to some extent, control reader response to themes within the text but the reader’s context may also influence the way the text is read. It is particularly evident in Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale that by examining the experience of women within the world it is evident that women are more repressed. The characterisation of Offred may control reader response to theme because her own personal experiences are projected onto the reader. In GileadRead MoreThe Importance of Memory in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale.2058 Words   |  9 Pagesshow the importance of memory and of remembering the past in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood. The Handmaid’s Tale is a ‘speculative fiction’ first published in 1985 but set in the early 2000s. The novel was in response to changes in US politics with the emergence of Christian fundamentalism, the New Right. Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swift’s ‘A Modest Proposal’, depicting a dystopia which she uses as a mirror to hold up to societyRead MoreThe Importance of Memory in Margaret Atwoods Handmaids Tale.2065 Words   |  9 Pagesshow the importance of memory and of remembering the past in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood . The Handmaid’s Tale is a ‘speculative fiction’ first published in 1985 but set in the early 2000s. The novel was in response to changes in US politics with the emergence of Christian fundamentalism, the New Right. Atwood believed that society was going wrong and wrote this savage satire, similar to Jonathan Swift’s ‘A Modest Proposal’, depicting a dystopia which she uses as a mirror to hold up to societyRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pageshad been battling cancer. Author Biography 5 Plot Summary Chapter One Carsons survey of the research on pesticides opens in a most unscientific fashion with a tale about an American town that has suffered a series of plagues. At chapters end, Carson acknowledges that the town is an imaginary one, but lest the tale be dismissed as mere fantasy, she hastens to add that each of the catastrophes it catalogs has actually happened somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered

Developing People and High Performance Organizations †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Developing People and High Performance Organizations. Answer: Introduction The Human Resources department of any company emulates the aims and objectives of the company, and hence, it is essential for the company to look after the development of the Human Resources and its knowledge for obtaining desired success (Knowles et al., 2014). The success can be achieved by simply including the human resources team in the management and planning activity, which is derived from the theories like behavior theory, learning theory, skills and talent hidden in the employees, and much more. Nearly all the companies and the related managers should know the importance of human resources and should also focus on the learning of the human resources department and train them for giving out maximum returns (Kasworm et al., 2010). Human resources department and it management skills have remained in debates where various companies try to understand the complex situations of the human resource management. Along with knowing the management complexities, they also have made researches, carried on analysis, and are working on theories to deal with the issues (Werner and DeSimone, 2011). To understand the complexity of the human resource department with a clear view, one should know clearly what the human resources are properly. In brief, human resources include individuals working in the organization that provides with a valuable contribution in the management system to accomplish the goals (Brattonand Gold, 2015). It is proved that if the employees perform well on the actual protocol, manage and perform along with it, the organization is surely going to succeed in achieving its goals. Benefits of The Human Resource Development When proper training and learning is provided to the employees of any company, the performance of the employees and the output also gives wondrous results. This also helps the organization in giving rewards to the worker for the motivation, hard work, and dedication he has provided to the organization (Werner, 2014). Another way to recognize the performance of the employee is through the performance appraisal system that helps in knowing the efficiency of the worker to reward him accordingly (Lim et al., 2013). If the company doesnt pay attention to the performance of the employee and the areas where they lack, it would not be able to achieve desired results also. Hence, it is necessary to keep a constant watch on the skills of the employees along with their dedication and motivation so that necessary solutions and training programs can be set for their improvement. Performance management has become quite crucial these days, and hence, it is important for the companies to look after the performance of the employees. The HR managers need to keep a watch on the employees performance to provide them with satisfying rewards, as this would to the production of the company. Hence, providing them with bonus or rewards is a way to get more out of the employees. It has been proven through various researches that with the help of performance appraisals, the companies have grown and developed to a great extent. However, the appraisal has also led to some strict regulations on the company for the employees, but it has also been fruitful for the progress of the company. Hence, the HR management and development not only includes the building of the skills of the employees but also helps in its development, education and learning too (Watkins and Marsick, 2014). When the company invests in the training of any employees through training programs, development, and learning, it works in the progress of the company, as it develops successful skills in the employee to increase production. One of thekey areas for development of employees is team learning. Team characteristics and diversity Thought team is a common word used by all the groups made for any purpose, however, group and team are not the same identities. The team consists of two or more people working to achieve the same goal under the same circumstances (Manuti et al., 2015). A team usually report to one common person can be a supervisor. Successful completion of the task is depending upon performance level and the contribution of team members. The interaction level of the team depends upon the dependency of one another. Importance of team Every employee of the organization somehow depends upon another employee to work together. No employee can work alone to achieve desired goals. He has to take the assistance of his coworker to complete an assignment (Knowles et al., 2014). It has been witnessed many times team output being more efficient than the individual employee. Employees with specific interest and specialization can work together on a common platform and form a good team. Team building is an essential element of organization to build bonding amongst employees and get better results. Organizations want results: To generate revenue company has to achieve targets. To complete the target one has to get the clear understanding of the problem and has to find out a solution for the same. No one can individually, take decisions. However, a good team can lead to a better solution of any problem (Brattonand Gold, 2015). Take less time to complete the task: An individual definitely needs more time to complete the allotted work. But if employees work together, then the task can be divided into a subsection. Sharing of responsibility can also reduce work pressure and burden. By assigning work as per the specialization of an individual can also generate output much faster and efficient (Lim et al., 2013). Work never suffers: By working with the team in case of an emergency team member can give charge to another member. This will never hamper the work. In the case of absence of any member, other team members can complete the work easily (Christopher, 2012). Built healthy competition among employees: Competition among employees is a great factor to motivate them to work. Working in a team can build healthy competition among employees to perform better than the other team members (Kasworm et al., 2010). Team members can gain from each other: Everybody has different qualities. One can always gain something from the other. Being in the team can help an individual to get good qualities and properties of other team members. This also improves individuals personality and company integrity. Characteristics of Team The team always has a clear goal, which has been communicated to all. All must understand it properly (Werner, 2014). The members of the team should listen to each other and discuss things to get a suitable solution. Decisions are basically dependent upon logical output and not the majority of ideas. Team success is based on the team members and their efforts. Team members should give their 100 % to achieve the goal (Manuti et al., 2015). Access to tools, experts and equipment plays a major role here. Quality is the best tool to the success of the organization. Motivation can boost the morale of team members. Appreciation and awards can do the needful (Yeo and Marquardt, 2015). Communication between team member is the ladder to complete projects successfully Mutual trust and respect of team member can be a positive sight toward the team. A team member should listen and understand each other, view to reaching a solution. External support is also counted as a vital aid to the attainment of the team (Guest, 2010). Task Interdependency Task interdependency sets off the specified protocol to ensure how statistics, knowledge, and substantial information will be shared between different team members to accomplish the common goals. There are three types of task interdependence in any organizational structure (Christopher, 2012): Pooled Interdependency: In pooled dependency, all departments of the organization work independently. Departments may not directly interact and depend on each other. Each department contributes its own value/ ratios to complete the task. However different units perform completely separate functions (Sparrow et al., 2016). Sequential Interdependency: Sequential interdependence is working on output as input framework. As one department output will be the input from other departments. Multiple departments work together in sequential form to complete the task. Perhaps the production process of any material can be the example for this (Wilton, 2016). Reciprocal Interdependency: In a reciprocal relationship, the department has to create highly connectivity between them. As this is back and forth process. Work normally passes between the departments many times during the process. Conclusion Just as the role of HR management keeps on changing throughout the world for various reasons on a continuous basis, the accuracy of the performance appraisal of employees is not also stable. Some recent changes in the HR management have been found due to the crisis faced by the world, the results of which include price rise, unemployment, corruption, privatization, and much more. Among the various available theories, two popularly accepted theories for improving the HRmanagementfor the adults are the team behavior theory and the situation handling theory. They can play a vital role in upgrading the trainers learning process. The behavior theory has helped the companies in developing the proficiency for so many years and also in manifesting the technical skills of the employees. Hence, a systematic training program for implementing team building, computer-based learning for team members, etc. can help any of the companies to progress efficiently. References Knowles M., Holton E., Swanson R. (2014). The Adult Learner:The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=1We2BQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=human+resource+development+and+adult+learningots=C8CY6uMupNsig=JePHGZ7kd_Wuf9iEdOIlppm- mMI#v=onepageq=human%20resource%20development%20and%20 ad ult%20learningf=false Kasworm C., Rose A., Ross-Gordon J. (2010). Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education. SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=X75EarYDjHcCoi=fndpg=PR1dq=human+resource+development+and+adult+learning+%2B2010ots=41-O5DwNA9sig=pJCfFkLvQjrc9nLkbcfOafC_K8Q#v=onepageq=human%20resource%20development%20and%20adult%20learning%20%2B2010f=false Werner J., DeSimone R. (2011). Human Resource Development. Cengage Learning. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=yEZuHl6KGP8Coi=fndpg=PR4dq=human+resource+development+and+adult+learning+%2B2010ots=atFKTUgz-fsig=_eyLiPmkzE1oLy5Fzlet6oyGFV4#v=onepageq=human%20resource%20development%20and%20adult%20learning%20%2B2010f=false Bratton J.,Gold J. (2015). Human Resource Management:Theory and Practice, 5th edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=qNocBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=human+resource+development+and+adult+learning+%2B2012ots=0plWzyfEYtsig=hejN9H0Jvy1oE-mpdtjEvr8JRYY#v=onepageqf=false Lim D., Yoon S., Park S. (2013). Integrating learning outcome typologies for HRD: Review and current status. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. Volume 25,Issue 2,pages 3348,Spring 2013. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nha.20015/epdf?r3_referer=woltracking_action=preview_clickshow_checkout=1purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.compurchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Christopher M. (2012). Leadership Development in Organizations: Multiple Discourses and Diverse Practice. International journal of Management Review, Volume 15, Issue 4October 2013 Pages 359380. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00344.x/full Werner J. (2014). Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource Management: So What Is It?. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Volume 25,Issue 2,pages 127139,Summer 2014. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrdq.21188/epdf?r3_referer=woltracking_action=preview_clickshow_checkout=1purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.compurchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Watkins K., Marsick V. (2014). Adult education human resource development: Overlapping and disparate fields. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, Volume, 26,Issue 1,pages 4254,Winter 2014. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nha3.20052/epdf?r3_referer=woltracking_action=preview_clickshow_checkout=1purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.compurchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Manuti A.,Pastore S.,Scardigno A., Giancaspro M., Morciano D. (2015). Formal and informal learning in the workplace: a research review. International Journal of Training and Development, Volume 19,Issue 1,pages 117,March 2015. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijtd.12044/epdf?r3_referer=woltracking_action=preview_clickshow_checkout=1purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.compurchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Yeo1 R., Marquardt M. (2015). Interpreting Action, Learning, and Experience: Integrating Action Learning and Experiential Learning for HRD. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Volume 26,Issue 1,pages 81107,Spring 2015. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrdq.21199/epdf?r3_referer=woltracking _action=preview_clickshow_checkout=1purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.compurchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Guest D. (2010). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers. Human Resource Management Journal, Volume 21,Issue 1,pages 313,January 2011. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2010.00164.x/epdf?r3_referer=woltracking_action=preview_clickshow_checkout=1purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.compurchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Sparrow P., Brewster C., Chung C. (2016). Globalizing Human Resource Management. Routledge. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8-DLDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=human+resource+competencies+%2B2016ots=-PsQHZyjD-sig=zBOZOdLB2BGf37wJQd7Yc63bWoE#v=onepageq=human%20resou rce%20competencies%20%2B2016f=false Wilton N. (2016). An Introduction to Human Resource Management. SAGE Publications Inc. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=rQPMCwAAQBAJ oi=fndpg=PP1dq=human+resource+competencies+%2B2016ots=9CG3BCbAmCsig=sK4acgZ7JvRaFAXACOqKQDnZlRM#v=onepage

Working Hard free essay sample

Four years ago, I Joined a company as a new employee right after I graduated from university. I had not needed to work for my tuition or entertainment and I told my father that if he paid for my education before I got a Job, I could concentrate more on my studies. At that time, I didnt know how hard it was to make money! However, making money by myself taught me about the value of money and the loving efforts of my parents. Before I got a Job, I thought that getting money from parents was reasonable, but I know now that this was wrong. When I got a first project in another province, I ouldnt do anything other than work because I was working about 16 hours a day without holidays for two months. I got only 2 days off for my sisters wedding ceremony in Taiwan! At that time, I wasnt only in charge of supervising procedures of construction but also in charge of the delivery of equipment. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Hard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So I worked outside for a long time everyday in harsh cold weather. I felt that this was harder than military service and I missed my parents faces. I realized how much they struggled, tried, and did their best to bring up their children and I appreciated their effort. In addition, I also learned about the value of money. Before I got a Job, I Just had used money without consideration because money came easily from my parents, not my own effort. However, after I started work, I couldnt use money easily especially for me. For 1 year, I couldnt buy anything special for myself. Actually, I really wanted to buy a good car because I had never had my own car before and had waited for a car about 27years! Also, it is possible for me to buy a car using my salary, but I decided to wait and I Just used the money for my family or my girlfriend because I felt ncomfortable when I tried to buy something for myself. After these experiences, I learned about the value of money and how to spend money wisely. Becoming an employee with hard work was quite different from being a student. I didnt learn only the value of the money but also how much parents tried to bring up their children. Since I got a Job, I havent taken any financial help from my parents, even in my marriage. Parents support was good enough when I was young, and now it is my turn to return some of their efforts as much as I can. Working Hard By dongheebyun

Mallarme(Poet) Essays - Prose, Prose Poetry, Poetry, Symbolism

Mallarme(Poet) St?phane Mallarm? St?phane Mallarm?, a French poet, became one of the most important masters of French symbolism, a nineteenth-century movement in poetry that stressed impressions and moods rather than descriptions of reality (Online). The poetry of Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, and others strongly affected Mallarm?'s writing (Online). He used symbolism to represent human emotions to make his poems unclear, thus avoiding direct communication with his readers (Online & World Book 110,111). Mallarm? was born in Paris on March 18, 1842 (Online). After his mother died when he was seven years old, his grandmother became his parental role model. His education included upper-class boarding schools where he often felt out of place because of his middle class background. When he was fifteen, the death of his younger sister, Maria, greatly influenced his poetic development. He turned from Romantic lyricism to much more morbid subjects like Baudelaire's Les fleurs du mal. In 1860, he received his baccalaureate degree from a ?lycee? in Sens. After an apprenticeship in the Registry's office, in 1862 he had his first sonnet published in Le papillon, a literary journal. In 1862 Mallarm? married Maria Gerhard and became a teacher in Tournon. The difficult duties of teaching often interrupted his poetic work and thoughts. Although his students made fun of him, Mallarm? was not discouraged and continued his writing. After translating Edgar Allan Poe's English poems into French, Mallarm?'s chief influence became Poe rather than Baudelaire. He began to compose long imaginative poems and a prose poem called Herodiade, the biblical story of Salome who caused John the Baptist's murder. Then he wrote his best-known poem L'Apr?s-midi d'un faune (Afternoon of a Faun), which explores the difference between reality and fantasy (World Book 110,111). After moving to Paris in 1875 and becoming a teacher at College Rollin, Mallarm? began to associate with such famous French poets as Theodore de Banville, Paul Verlaine, and Gustave Kahn (Online). These and others visited him on Tuesday evenings (les mardis), and these poets became known as les mardistes. Mallarm? spoke about using words as symbols and was considered an oracle. He became known as the ?Master of Symbolism? because of the great effect he had on the poets of his age. To honor his colleagues, he later wrote Toast funebre and ?Le tombeau d'Edgar Poe? (?The Tomb of Edgar Poe?), a poem telling of Poe's ?eternal genius? despite his sad life. This poem is one of the most often quoted poems in French literature. In 1869, Mallarm? started but did not complete Igitur: ou, la folie d'Elbehnon, twelve prose fragments of different lengths (Online). Classified as a story, a prose poem, and a drama, Igitur did not appeal to feelings but to the intelligence of the reader. It shows his lifelong preoccupation with death, infinity, fantasy, and absence. Despite Mallarm?'s requests to dispose of his Igitur notes at his death, his son-in-law, Dr. Bonninot, tried to reorganize the prose fragments and published them in 1925. In his final work Un coup de des jamais n'abolira le hasard (A Throw of the Dice Never Will Abolish Chance), Mallarm? showed his interest in musical verse form and set his words in different typefaces to illustrate visually the subject of the poem and to stress the unity of thought and sound. Mallarm? thought that one should not change or paraphrase the language of a poem (Americana 143). He believed that sacred things are surrounded in mystery and that poetry has secrets that should be protected, just as religion does. According to Mallarm?, poetry is not like music because the latter cannot be understood by all. To this poet, the silences in a poem are just as important as the words. He also thought that the reason for writing poetry is the creation of poetic language; therefore, poetry itself is the subject of all poems. Although Mallarm? tried to develop a ?Grand Oeuvre,? he spent so much time and energy thinking about the true nature of poetry that he was unable to write this work (Online). He sometimes suffered from depression and lack of creativity due to his changing poetic intentions, his dislike for instant pleasure in literature, and his insistence that the reader himself search for the symbolic meaning in

Сoca cola and Levis blue jeans

Ð ¡oca cola and Levis blue jeans Introduction Both coca cola and Levi’s blue jeans are commodities required by human beings. These commodities have positive and negative impacts on the economy, environment, as well as people. Blue jeans are worn everywhere throughout the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ð ¡oca cola and Levi’s blue jeans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Impacts of global consumer items (coca cola and blue jeans) Globalisation is the process in which people of the whole world unify into a distinct society and function. Also, it is one of the ways the consumers or shareholders can have an impact on business decisions, according to report made in the research. For example, when consumers demand more commodities, the manufacturer must expand on their production. Rapid growth and development of industries is a significant contribution to globalization. The research states that coca cola expansion is a process of embed ding and re- embedding brand coke for buyers. During the manufacture of coca cola and Levi’s blue jeans, there is a production of waste products, however. Despite these waste products, during the manufacture of blue jeans at the finishing process, the chemicals used are environmentally friendly. The hazardous products cause serious harm to the environment and to people living in it. Poisonous gases are an example of these harmful products. They cause respiratory diseases like lung cancer. This leads to a decline in the economic growth since money invested is used to treat people. Global consumer items (coca cola and blue jeans) create employment. Industries require many employees. Therefore, these commodities lead to reduction of criminal actions since many people are not idle. This is an advantage to many people living in this world. Coca cola, as a soft drink, helps to quench people’s thirst especially during dry seasons. The Levi’s blue jeans make people look smart. Also, they help in saving people’s money since their materials, like cotton, are durable (Jamieson 301). The blue jeans help in creating market for products like cotton since it is a raw material.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reduction of Carbon 1V Oxide in the air is another impact. This is because it is a requirement in the preservation of coca cola (Foster 196). It also reduces acid rain, which is a result of reaction of water with Carbon 1V Oxide. The rain is utterly destructive to the environment and its contents. Significance for coca cola and Levi’s blue jeans These global commodities are not simply items that we just buy and sell. Consumption of coca cola is not simply an act of destruction as the research reports. It is a category of labour. Coca cola and blue jeans play significant roles in a society. For example, they help in pro moting entrepreneurship. This applies for both the commodities-coca cola and blue jeans. People start their own businesses to specialize in selling soft drinks while others start selling Levi’s blue jeans. This helps to raise growth of the economy. Also, the blue jeans are very crucial to the society since they encourage planting of more cotton to provide it as a raw material in blue jeans industries. In this way, there is an improvement in the farmers’ way of life (Snyder 87). The blue jeans are one of the clothing styles which have lasted for many decades while other styles come and go. It is therefore evident that human beings who wear blue jeans are comfortable with them. Interruption with coca cola and Levi’s blue jeans Interruption happens when people’s way of doing a certain thing changes because of introduction another idea or thing. Coca Cola has made people not to drink only water when feeling thirsty. Also, the blue jeans have made many people stop wearing any other types of clothes. When distributors deliver coca cola products to retailers to sell them to consumers, they are interrupting with commodities. During ceremonies like wedding, people consume coca cola products. During dry seasons, coca cola is a must since people are extremely thirsty. When it comes to blue jeans, interruption occurs as customers are buying them; as well as when the entrepreneurs go buying them from the manufacturers. During advertisements, we interrupt with the blue jeans since we and the society are part of this. For example, during the promotion of coca cola, many people participate in it, for instance, those who want to be rewarded.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ð ¡oca cola and Levi’s blue jeans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social relationship among people It is the association among people in a society. It includes association in friendship, work place, famil y, and places of worship. There is diffusion of culture among people especially during marketing of these products. Advertising has made people know what is extremely popular in the United States, and as a result, blue jeans and coca cola are now popular in other parts of the world (Blanding 221). This has led to considerable relationship of people in the United States and those in other countries in the world. Sometimes when it comes to blue jeans, the relationship among traders is not satisfactory. This happens especially between industries which mimic clothing styles of the original ones claiming that theirs is the best. This makes the marketing of clothes like blue jeans extremely hard. As a result conflicts appear since the blue jeans company must try and fight these unhealthy competitors. The relationship among manufacturers, agents, retailers, and consumers are normally good. This is because the coca cola company gives the best soft drinks, and has been the leading company. W hen it comes to family relationships, there is happiness brought by sharing soft drinks-coca cola and buying blue jeans. A report on the research is as follows: all ten people from where gathering information took place, praise coca cola as a soft drink which they only go for during dry seasons. According to the peer group, there is no other soft drink which has ever been as healthful as coca cola. The people say that coca cola and blue jeans have helped them to have good association with one another especially during buying. They say that the Levi’s blue jeans are the best jeans they know of and that they have the best cotton materials. From this conducted research, many people consider the importance of coca cola and blue jeans. Some say that, if it were not for coca cola, they could not have anything to earn their living while others say that they specialize in distributing blue jeans to small retailers and consumers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Others say that the blue jeans help them in saving their money since they are long lasting. They use the money to do other things instead of buying other clothes. According to this report for the research, coca cola and blue jeans have the significant meaning for the society. Blanding, Michael. The Coke machine: the dirty truth behind the worlds favorite soft drink. New York: Avery, 2010. Print Foster, Robert John. Coca-globalization: following soft drinks from New York to New Guinea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print. Jamieson, Jean. Mr. Blue Jeans, a story about Levi Strauss, by Maryann N. Weidt: teacher guide. San Antonio, TX: Novel Units, Inc., 2002. Print. Snyder, Rachel Louise. Fugitive denim: a moving story of people and pants in the borderless world of global trade. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009. Print.

Matin luther King Juniors I have a dream speech Essay

Matin luther King Juniors I have a dream speech - Essay Example He is well-known worldwide for the speech â€Å"I have a dream†, which was delivered to a crowd of more than 200,000 Americans in 1963. This speech essentially refers to the importance of being given the same rights as other ethnic groups. Today, many people compare King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech to the "We shall fight" speech, which was delivered by Winston Churchill during the Second World War when Britain suffered from nightly bombings conducted by the German Luftwaffe. Both speeches of the famous leaders sought to reassure their citizens that there was a day that will end the suffering and restore justice for all. Both speeches also called on citizens who were experiencing hardships to come together and fight for emancipation – in Churchill’s case, to protect the state from the Nazis, and in King’s case to fight against discrimination in American society. The â€Å"I have a dream† speech affected millions of citizens not only in the USA but abroad garnering sympathy for the African American cause. The effects of King’s speech on the international audience were immediate. King would make the cover of the ‘Times’ magazine in 1963 and receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. In this particular speech, King sought to reassure disenfranchised people from different ethnicities and races, as well as religious minorities. He stated that all mistreated members of different communities could rise up to provide a united stand against injustice (Hansen 131). King was a unique man in that he believed that the proclaimed goals could be achieved without shedding of blood. This was quite an unusual stand at that time, especially when it came to politicians of the USA. It was hard to believe that King could succeed as most African and Asian nations seeking independence from their colonial masters around that time were engaged in violent riots and wars. King was quite courageous in openly criticizing the institution of segregation, which was usual at that time. In 1963, America was still a segregated society that allowed privileges for white people while African Americans were left to survive on little in the margins of society. Dr King was virtually risking his life by alluding, in his speech, to the fact that he hoped that in the nearest future, his children would not have to experience the segregation that had constantly marked his life. King used the power of emotions to appeal to citizens of different races, particularly those of the white race, to listen to their heart and common sense, to recall the words from the American constitution promising equal rights for all. In the speech, he expressed hope that time would come when his four children experience more freedom than him. By using children as a symbol of bright future, he was able to emotionally affect the white majority to see his point and understand his sorrow. There are no parents, black or white, who would like to s ee their children mistreated in any way or allowed fewer opportunities due to the color of their skin. King also used emotion in the description of African American life in the past and present. In one sentence of his speech he says, â€Å"One hundred years after President Lincoln set the slaves free, the Negro’s life remains wretchedly crippled by the chains of discrimination and segregation† (Hansen 134). By using words like â€Å"

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Reading response - Essay Example In my opinion, the text reveals a number interesting religious notions that were commonplace at that time in the society. The text reveals that the established religious norms of the society were close or similar to the protestant faith. It was for this reason that Mrs. Hutchinson was repeatedly asked about this aspect. As was common in most of the older societies, opposing or questioning religious beliefs was not an option for the ordinary people. The religion appears to be the property of Church or the ruling class and it was molded as and when needed. I strongly feel that Mrs. Hutchinson’s stand against the status quo was itself sufficient to stand apart; since no one in the society was willing to accept or talk about the reality. Mrs. Hutchinson’s ideology can be equated to antinomianism – an idea that was unacceptable for the ruling class. The primary reason for unacceptability appears to be the control that this class intended to exert on the other classes of the society. I feel that religion and justice have always been used as tools to control the masses; religion acted by manipulating the people emotionally and by taking control of their belief system, whereas judicial system provided the authority that was required to control those who failed to align with the religious teachings or controls. I am forced to think critically about the role of judicial system that was functioning at the time of Mrs. Hutchinson. At various points in the text, it appears that there is a single person in the court who is defending her case; there is no attorney to assist her about the legalities of her case or to assist her in taking a solid defense. Instead, it appears that a couple of men, who are inclined towards taking punitive action against the lady are surrounding her from all sides and as soon as she leaves one of them ‘answerless’, the other jumps in, to divert her attention or to

Sheltering the Deep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sheltering the Deep - Essay Example the use of a phrase or word with application of humour in order to empathise different meaning or different uses of the words that sound the same or are a like (James 4). In the article, the author uses pun in different paragraphs like, â€Å"underwater canyon, bottlenose whales". In this phrase, she uses â€Å"bottlenose whales† to make sure that the readers understand the meaning of the word whales. Another pun used is the â€Å"underwater communities†. Another example of a pun in the article is the illustration of "rich waters". She is trying to explain about the birds that uses water to find food and applies pun for the reader to understand. Assonance is also applied in the report in different parts. In many sentences, the author repeats vowel â€Å"e† and â€Å"i† in different sentences. She has used narrowed and swallowed in the same sentences stating that after the lagoon narrowed then even become shallower. Alliteration is used where by she says, â€Å"race

Psychology Essays Hysteria

Psychology Essays Hysteria Hysteria has been seen as both a form of political protest and as the failure to negotiate and resolve the Oedipus complex. Discuss with reference to the Dora case. In many ways, hysteria and the hysteric patient go right to the very heart of psychoanalysis. It was after all, as we shall see, the basis of Freud and Breuers assertions on the validity of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic treatment and has been used ever since by theorists and practitioners as a test case with which to continually asses those initial findings. In the late nineteenth century, as now, the hysteric patient exists in a kind of hinterland of diagnosis, being appropriated for the good, sometimes, of not themselves but the larger discourse of psychiatry or critical theory. The many case histories that litter the canonical texts of psychoanalysis are testament to the wide variety of symptoms and manifestations of hysteria that are as numerous as are the patients themselves. Karl Abraham, in his essay on Hysterical Dream States (1988) gives us this same sense as early as 1910: these states differ greatly in degree, exhibit considerable variations in their duration, are often associated with the affect of anxiety(and)I myself have come across these state sin a number of patients whom I have treated with psychoanalysis. (Abraham, 1988: 90) With this in mind, in this essay I would like to look at two of the most important aetiological views of hysteria of the last hundred and twenty years; those of Freud and the non-resolution of the Oedipus complex and those of the French and American feminists who viewed hysteria as being, not only a manifestation of phallocentric social registers but also a protest against them. In order to centre this study within an existing analytical framework I will constantly refer both views back to Freuds case history of Dora (Freud, 1977), itself of course, one of the seminal early works on the formation of psychoanalysis and thinking of hysteria and hysterical symptoms. One can only appreciate the impact of Freuds work on hysteria, I think, if one first places it into the context of contemporary and preceding medical theory. Niel Micklem in his The Nature of Hysteria (1996) details the conditions long history: The lively interest for medicine that hysteria has aroused since it was first recorded in ancient Egypt more than 3,000 years ago has yielded a substantial amount of writing(and)the most accomplished research worker would be hard pressed to account for all the literature. (Micklem, 1996: 1) As Micklem suggests, hysteria is a protean and multifaceted disease (Micklem, 1996: 3) that is difficult to discern both by the physician and the historian. However right from its earliest beginnings, the notion of hysteria has always been associated with the notion of sexual development and, in particular, that of women. Greek myth is littered with countless examples of phantasmatic conditions brought on by either sexual excess or repression; from the mythological portrait of Demeter to Platos assertions in Timaeus that: When (sexual) desire is unsatisfied the man is over-mastered by the power of the generative organs, and the woman is subjected to disorders from the obstruction of the passages of the breath, until the two meet and pluck the fruit of the tree. (Plato, trans. Howett, 1970, steph.91) As Micklem suggests, this swing between repression and nymphomania has been a constant leitmotif in aetiological thinking regarding hysteria since Plato and Homer. However, in the nineteenth century work of Pierre Briquet and, later Jean Martin Charcot, the reliance upon sex and frustration as a central feature of hysteria was abandoned in favour of an approach that concerned itself far more with genetic and hereditary factors. It was at this time, also, that the psychiatric profession began to take hysteria seriously as a condition and it was chiefly through this that it was twinned with neurosis; a factor that was to have a marked impact on Freuds interest in it as a basis for psychoanalysis. Around the end of the nineteenth century, then, the work of Briquet and Charcot had instilled hysteria into the annals of neurological illness. Charcots work on hysteria concretized the condition as one that could be studied through recognition of underlying psychopathological causes rather than physical symptoms, as Stanley Finger asserts: Charcot hypothesized that mental events can act as agents provocateurs, or triggers, for hysterical reactions, at least in an individuals with weak constitutions. He found provoking agents in the loss of a loved one, fears about a real illness, and work-related trauma. (Finger, 2000: 194) This notion, as Ernest Jones suggests in his The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1961: 208) was to have a profound effect on Freud and form the basis of his and Breuers Studies on Hysteria (1972). The case history of Dora stands, along with Anna O, Little Hans and the Rat Man, as seminal texts in the history of psychoanalysis. Freud prefaces his study with the caution that it represents only part of the over all research, however it is a remarkably illuminating and complete record of the early applications of psychoanalysis. The case itself surrounds Dora, an eighteen year old woman who suffered a variety of neurotic illness including shortness of breath (dyspnoea), lose of voice, paralysis, fainting spells, depression and threats of suicide. In analysis, Dora revealed that she had been pursued by Herr K. a family friend, whose wife was conducting a sexual affair with Doras father; Doras mother was an ineffectual figure in the story who was marginalized both by Dora and, subsequently by Freud himself. Doras bouts of hysteria coincided with real and imaginary contact with Herr K. and reveal themselves through a series of paraparaxes and dreams that provide material for Freuds interpretation. For Freud, of course, hysteria existed as a psychic rather than a physical condition (Freud, 1972: 25). His and Breuers Studies in Hysteria and his own case notes on Dora follows, in some senses, what we have seen as Charcoldian lines of thought, tracing the source of the patients hysterical symptoms back to some childhood event or trauma. In the first dream analysis, for instance, Freud links Doras dream concerning the burning of a house in which she stays with childhood memories of bedwetting and being woken up by her father: Think of the expressions you used: that an accident might happen in the night, and that it might be necessary to leave the room. Surely the allusion must be to a physical need? And if you transpose the accident into childhood what can it be but bedwetting? (Freud, 1977: 108) The Dora study is interesting, I think, in that it provides us with an ideal fulcrum around which to place Freuds thought. We can note echoes still of Charcot in the analysis and of Freuds earlier insistence on childhood trauma but, of course, by the studys publication in 1905 Freud had formulated his concept of the Oedipus complex (Jones, 1961) and it is this, along with transference perhaps, that provides much of the analytical undercurrent of the text. The symbolism of Doras first dream, for instance, is suffused with Oedipal imagery and reference. It details the dreamer trapped in a burning house whereupon she is awoken by her father. Her Mother, in the meantime, attempts to save her jewelry box but is stopped again by her father; as Dora exists the house she awakens. Freud interprets this dream as an indication of Doras repressed sexual desires for her father; the jewelry box becoming symbolic of both her womb and the favour of her father for her mother. The dream reoccurred whilst the subject was visiting the lakeside holiday home that became the scene of the attempted seduction by Herr K. and this was seen by Freud as an indication that Doras repressed sexual desires for her father were being awakened in order to further suppress her mature desire for her suitor: My interpretation was that she had at that point summoned up an infantile affection for her father so as to be able to keep her repressed love for Herr K. in its state of repression. This same revulsion in the patients mental life was reflected in the dream. (Freud, 1977: 124) Here we have two important features of Freuds notion of the importance of the Oedipus complex in the formation of neurosis, firstly that this manifests itself in dreams and secondly that Dora unconsciously drew upon her unresolved Oedipal or Electra complex in order to repress mature sexual desire. If we return again to the first dream we note tropes and Oedipal leitmotifs that even Freud did not discover. The locking of the jewelry box, for instance, is linked with the locking of her brothers room by her mother: My brothers room, you see, has no separate entrance, but can only be reached through the dining-room. Father does not want my brother to be locked in like that. (Freud, 1977: 101) We can detect quite clearly here the extent of the Oedipal reference in the dream. Commensurate with Freuds notions of condensation (Freud, 1965: 312) and displacement (Freud, 1965: 340), Dora suggests that her brother is, in fact the treasure or jewel that her Mother wants to lock away; by not allowing this, her Father both displays his own Oedipal affect (in reality) and strengthens Doras Oedipal attachment to him (in her dream). For Freud, of course, this unresolved complex is repressed and manifests itself as hysteria. Of course, the third element of Oedipal attachment here (after her father and Herr K) is the transference onto Freud himself and the Dora case history stands, perhaps, as one of the greatest stories of seduction, of reader by author, in psychoanalysis. In Freud and the Passions, John ONeil suggests that: Listening with the third ear to Dora meant taking on the part of a hysterical daughter caught in a series of transgressive erotic triangles, while at the same time, attempting to preserve his own discrete boundary as analyst-father. It meant supplementing a fractured verbal narration (her story) with meanings he read into her physical symptoms (his story), joining them together as a single story. (ONeill, 1996: 101) Whereas, as many commentators have pointed out (Blass, 1992; Krohn and Krohn, 1982) there is a wealth of Oedipal content in the Dora case and Freuds interpretation it has also been the basis for much criticism. Much of this criticism, in recent years has centered around Freuds phallocentric interpretation of Doras symptoms (Horrocks, 2001). Freuds assertions that Doras revulsion upon being kissed by Herr K. is reflective of her repressed desires, be they Oedipal in the first instance or for Herr K in the second, is for instance refuted by Roger Horrocks in Freud Revisited: Psychoanalytic Themes in a Postmodern Age (2001), who sees her actions as merely the understandable reactions of a woman caught up in a, mainly masculine, play of power. In her essay The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in 19th Century America (1992), Carroll Smith Rosenberg highlights this phaollocentric construction of the hysterical patient: Contemporaries noted routinely in the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s that middle class American girls seemed ill-prepared to assume the responsibilities and trials of marriage, motherhood and maturation. Frequently women, especially married women with children, complained of isolation, loneliness and depression. (Smith Rosenberg, 1992: 26) This views hysteria as the outcome of an oppressive masculine society that both controls and diagnoses. Dora, for instance, is defined by the wishes of her father, as daughter; as lover by Herr K. and as hysteric by Freud. The phallocentric construction of the feminine binary in the text, displaying on the one hand the ineffectual housewife in the shape of Doras mother and the cause of desire in the form of Frau K. traps Dora who fits into neither and so is labeled neurotic. Smith Rosenberg (and others such as Elaine Showalter in The Female Malady [1987]) also point to the adoption of hysterical symptoms as a sociopolitical protest by the women against the impossible situation that they found themselves in: It is quite possible that many women experienced a significant level of anxiety when forced to confront or adapt in one way or another to these changes. Thus hysteria may have served as one option to tactic offering particular women otherwise unable to respond to changes (Smith Rosenberg, 1992: 26) We can note, for instance, that there is a distinct link between the concept of illness in the case of Dora and the inability to accept social roles. Her Fathers illness precludes him from satisfactorily fulfilling his role as father, lover and husband and Doras hysterical attacks seems to occur at times of stress, when she is being forced, either by her father, Herr. K or Freud to adopt an external, clearly defined feminine role to which she is not accustomed. In fact Freud mentions but then glosses over this very point in his early analysis (Freud, 1977: 74-75). Caught within a binary of feminization, Dora exists as the projections of the male presences around her and, in order to protest against this, withdraws into hysteria, and as Mari Jo Buhle suggests: Freuds most acclaimed study of a hysteric discloses such a huge blind spot that the celebrated case of Dora documents more clearly the authors own avoidance mechanisms. (Buhle, 1998: 30) As we have see, then, there are cases to made for hysteria to be based in both Freudian notions of the unresolved Oedipus complex and the creation of feminine ideals and social norms by a largely masculine society. Freuds case study is as interesting to the student of the development of Freudian psychoanalysis, I think, as the psychoanalyst him or herself. Of course, we have here looked briefly at only two of the many psychoanalytical frameworks that have been designed to study hysteria. We might mention, for instance Lacans discussion of the Dora case in essay Function and Field of Speech and Language (Lacan, 2004) or Kleins notions of the father as good object in the aetiology of feminine sexuality and how it relates to the resolving of the Oedipus complex. What we can assert, by looking at these two specific instances, is the extent that psychoanalytic and socio-political interpretations of hysteria say as much about the wider culture than they do about the condition itself. This view, of course, is commensurate with Foucaults concept of enunciative discourses in his Madness and Civilization (2004) and The Archaeology of Knowledge (1989) The case of Dora provides us with an interesting picture of Freud struggling to come to terms with not only concepts such as hysteria and the Oedipus complex but transference, negative transference and, in fact, the whole basis of modern psychoanalysis. As we have seen, the criticism of the second wave feminists was, perhaps, well founded. The case study, whilst being an exemplar in the ways that analysis can be used is also just as indicative of its problems and shortfalls. References Abraham, Karl (1988), Hysterical Dream States, published in Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis, (London: Karnac) Adler, Alfred (1956), The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, (London: Harper Torchbooks) Beizer, Janet (1994), Ventriloquized Bodies: Narratives of Hysteria in Nineteenth Century France, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press) Buhle, Mary Jo (1998), Feminism and its Discontents: A Century of Struggle with Psychoanalysis, (London: Harvard University) Finger, Stanley (2000), Minds Behind the Brain, (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Freud, Sigmund (1977), Case Histories 1: Dora and Little Hans, (London: Penguin) Freud, Sigmund (1965), The Interpretation of Dreams, (London: Discus Books) Freud, Sigmund and Breuer, Joseph (1972), Studies in Hysteria, (London: William Benton) Freud, Sigmund (1976), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, (London: Penguin) Freud, Sigmund (1974), Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, (London: Penguin) Foucault, Michel (2004), Madness and Civilization, (London: Routledge) Foucault, Michel (1989), Archaeology of Knowledge, (London: Routledge) Foucault, Michel (1990), The History of Sexuality: Vol. 3: The Care of the Self, (London: Penguin) Horrocks, Roger (2001), Freud Revisited: Psychoanalytic Themes in the Postmodern Age, (London: Palgrave) Jones, Ernest (1961), The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, (London: Pelican) Kahane, Claire (1990), In Doras Case: Freud, Hysteria, Feminism, (New York: Columbia University Press) Klein, Melanie (1997), The Psycho Analysis of Children, (London: Verso) Lacan, Jacques (2004), Ecrits: A Selection, (London: Routledge) Micklem, Niel (1996), The Nature of Hysteria, (London: Routledge) Murohy, Sean and Popay, Jennie (eds), Health and Disease: A Reader, (Milton Keynes: Open University Press) ONeill, John (1996), Freud and the Passions, (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University) Plato (1970), Dialogues of Plato, (trans. B. Jowett), (London: Sphere) Showalter, Elaine (1987), The Female Malady, (London: Virago) Smith Rosenberg, Carroll (1992), The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in 19th Century America, published in Black, Nick, Boswell, David, Gray, Alastair, Wolheim, Richard (1971), Freud, (London: Fontana|)

Free College Essays - Hester as Role Model in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter – Hester as Community Role Model â€Å"Woman, it is thy badge of shame!" (107). Governor Bellingham was describing the scarlet letter to Hester while they were discussing if the punishments that Hester had to go through were adequate enough for the crime. Hester was living in the outskirts of the city in a small abandoned cottage for several years with the only thing that had any monetary value in her life, her child and the product of committing adultery, Pearl. She and her little Pearl were shunned from the community for her acts. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester is punished in more than one way, and she is able to deal with it openly so the community will, over time, forgive her. The most obvious subject of punishment that Hester had to cope with is wearing the scarlet letter. "By the point which drew all eyes and, as it were, transfigured the wearer. . . was the scarlet letter, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom" (51-52). Hester wrought the scarlet letter before she stood on the scaffold. When Pearl asks her why she wears the letter she replies that she wears it for its gold thread. Hester wears the letter for many years, even after the people in the community care anymore, so that she will be fully forgiven for her sin. In the beginning of the story, Hester is faced with serving the temporary part of her sentence, standing on the scaffold in front of the whole town. "It was a circumstance to be noted, on the summer morning when our story begins its course, that the women of whom there were several in the crowd, appeared to take a peculiar interest in whatever penal infliction might be expected to ensue" (48). The citizens of the town had gathered to criticize Hester as she stood on the scaffold, and many of the town’s women were discussing the simplicity of Hester’s sentence, since the usual punishment for committing adultery is the death penalty. Although she had to put up with the remarks about her for three hours while she was standing on the scaffold, the ridicule followed for many years to come. Hester and her daughter were thought upon as sinners long after Hester had served her sentence.

Before I Was Born (God’s Design for Sex) by Carolyn Nystrom Essay

Carolyn Nystrom †¢ Illustrated by Sandra Speidel Before I †¦ THE GOD’S DESIGN FOR SEX SERIES Sample from Before I Was Born / ISBN 9781600060144 Copyright  © 2008 NavPress Publishing. All rights reserved. †¦ God’s Design for Sex is a series of books you can read with your children at ages three to five, five to eight, RESOURCE LIST: SEX EDUCATION – Focus on the Family: Helping †¦ GOD’S DESIGN FOR SEX BOOK 2: BEFORE I WAS BORN by Carolyn Nystrom †¦ sex, why sex should be shared only in marriage, what the Bible says about sex, and much more. GOD’S DESIGN FOR SEX BOOK 4: †¦ ) n 3 # W – Toronto Chinese Christian Parenting Association †¦ 049 Before I was Born (God’s Design for Sex Ages 5 to 8) Carolyn Nystrom 050 †¦ 088 The ABC’s of Handling Money God’s Way Howard & Bev Dayton let’s talk about it – Bible Fellowship Church Ages 5-8 God’s Design for Sex Series: Before I Was Born by Stan Jones Ages 8-11 God’s Design for Sex Series: What’s The Big Deal? Why God Cares About Sex by Stan Jones Books for Teens Every Young Man’s Battle: Strategies for Victory in the Real Bibliography of Books on Sexuality for Children and Parents conservative Christian â€Å"God’s Design for Sex† series is designed to help young adolescents to understand and deal with the changes †¦ Before I was Born. Illustrated by Sandra Speidel. Navpress, 2007. The second book in the â€Å"God’s Design for Sex† series, written Sex Education in the Christian Family The God’s Design For Sex Book Series How And When To Tell Your Kids About Sex is a handbook for parents; the four children’s books are designed †¦ Before I Was Born (Book 2 for ages 5 to 8) by Carolyn Nystrom What’s The Big Deal? Why God Cares About Sex †¦ Purity, Dating and Courtship Resource List God’s Design for Sex – resource pack Book #1: †¦ – Stan and Brenna Jones Book #2: Before I Was Born (ages 5-8) – Carolyn Nystrom Book #3: What’s the Big Deal – Why God Cares About Sex (ages 8-11) †¦ Before You Meet Prince Charming How can young people be committed to purity and to †¦ How to Talk to Your Kids About Sex Hiding God’s Word in one’s heart will enable your children to make wise decisions in †¦ Start with the God’s Design for Sex Series by Stan and Brenna †¦ How to Talk to Your Kids About Sex (ages 3-5); Before I Was Born (ages 5-8); What’s the Big Deal: Why God Cares About Sex Pastor Keith Missel * Prior Lake Campus * December 14, 2011 Thinking Right About God’s Design:God’s Design: Gender . is good. †¦ Before they had gone to bed, all the men from every part of the city of Sodom—both young and old— †¦ so that we can have sex with them. †¦ Parents & Kids, Talking About Sex  © God’s Design for Sex Series – Encourages healthy communication between parents and children as it helps parents answer in age-appropriate terms the difficult or embarrassing questions about †¦ Before I Was Born (Ages 5-8) by Carolyn Nystrom, IBSN 08910-98445 What the Bible says about those of the same sex. imosexuality part of God’s original s ho design? Did God create homosexuality? †¦ homosexuality was not a part of God’s design. ae people today born homosexuals?r What about the person who asks, †¦ before, as I have also told you in time past, †¦ 1 â€Å"Sex on the brain, pumped in my veins, flowing from my Few things we need to clarify before we go any further†¦ 1. †¦ hands of a warrior are sons born in one’s youth. 5 †¦ Sex according to God’s design is only to happen between a man and a women within the confines of marriage†¦ Why Marriage is the Union of a Man and a Woman before the Australian Parliament aims to change the current definition of marriage to allow same sex †¦ in which children are to be born and raised. God’s design is that sexual union is not only an †¦ Other passages deal with sex before marriage (Deuteronomy 22:13-21), prostitution †¦ people to dwell on their relationship with God. Your role is †¦ discovering and owning the truths of God’s Word. †¦ â€Å"I was born gay.† What we allow through our complacency today, will be celebrated by our children tomorrow. †¦ indicate about God’s design for gender/sexuality, marriage and sex? 7. God’s Design—Your Choice – Global Reach 75 God’s Design—Your Choice UNIT STUDENT REPORTS AND ANSWER SHEETS STUDENT REPORT DIRECTIONS When you have completed your study of each unit, ? ll out the answer sheet for that unit. Title A Baby Costs $785 a Month, How Much is Your Allowance †¦ Before I Was Born: Designed for Parents to Read to Their Child at Ages 5 Through 8 (Gods Design for Sex) Begin With Love: †¦ (God’s Design for Sex, Book 3) What’s the Big Secret?: Talking about Sex with Girls and Boys When Teens Have Sex: Issues and Trends Kid County Special Report SEX EDUCATION RESOURCES – Focus on the Family GOD’S DESIGN FOR SEX BOOK 1: THE STORY OF ME by Stan and Brenna Jones (NavPress) †¦ GOD?S DESIGN FOR SEX BOOK 2: BEFORE I WAS BORN by Carolyn Nystrom (Navpress) †¦ BORN IN GRACE applied to all of God’s handiwork. †¦ school. As students assembled before class, boys in one line and girls in another, Larry often found himself standing between the two rows: †¦ anatomical sex are simply born that way. †¦ Same Sex Marriage: P-R-O-B-L-E-M-S and P-R-O-M-I-S-E-S for †¦ Same Sex Marriage: P-R-O-B-L-E-M-S and †¦ For us to believe that all who claim to be homosexual are simply born that way is for †¦ First Corinthians chapters 6 and 7; and Jude. When Jesus talks about God’s design for marriage in Mark chapter 10, He refers to Genesis chapter 2. Title: Baker †¦ A Baby Costs $785 a Month, How Much is Your Allowance †¦ Before I Was Born: Designed for Parents to Read to Their Child at Ages 5 Through 8 (Gods Design for Sex) Begin With Love: †¦ (God’s Design for Sex, Book 3) What’s the Big Secret?: Talking about Sex with Girls and Boys When Teens Have Sex: Issues and Trends Kid County Special Report. Have To Say About It†¦. each other and the opposite sex. I see the men keeping occupied with the †¦ (God’s) design for you. Did you know, woman, that †¦ know, not just what those before you know? It happens in yourself and that Child Safety Bibliography Before I Was Born. Navpress. †¦ Book 2 of the series â€Å"God’s Design for Sex† for ages 5-8. Training Children -http://www.focusonthefamily.com/parenting/sexuality/talking_about_sex /talking_to_your_kids_about_sexual_abuse.aspx †¦ â€Å"Ask Before You Hug: Sexual Harassment in the Church† When God’s Good Gifts are Defiled: The Sinner and The †¦ prodigal lives before our God. †¦ 34.6 percent of babies were born to unmarried women, with the avaerage age of unwed mothers increasing with each passing year †¦ God’s holy design for sexuality is being splattered like a bug on a windshield. Something . 3 Premise Christians are commanded by their God to love their †¦ discussion of same sex marriage and the Christian †¦ We are all equally guilty before God. We all are natural born sinners – born with the sin of Adam within our hearts. †¦ This is God’s design and God’s standard – one that Jesus clearly affirmed. CHRISTIAN LIVING BIBLE STUDIES – Lighted Way GOD KNEW you before you were born.LESSON STUDY Jeremiah 1:5 â€Å"Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; †¦ work of God’s design. You are God’s child. †¦ A severe form of self-rejection is wishing that you were born the opposite sex, †¦ Download Before I Was Born (God’s Design for Sex) Full version Read This First: We offer two ways that you can get this book for free, You can choose the way you like! You must provide us your shipping information after you complete the survey. All books will be shipped from Amazon US or Amazon UK depending on your region! Please share this free experience to your friends on your social network to prove that we really send free books! Tags:Before I Was Born (God’s Design for Sex), Before I Was Born (God’s Design for Sex) By Carolyn Nystrom, Before I Was Born (God’s Design for Sex) PDF Download Full PDF Version of This Book – Free Download Before I Was Born (God’s Design for Sex) pdf ebooks free Download The Four Loves pdf ebooks free Download The Intolerance of Tolerance pdf ebooks free Download The Weight of Glory pdf ebooks free Download The Arising Voice ( Vol. 3) A Book Series for Christian Disciple pdf ebooks free Download The Good and Beautiful God: Falling in Love with the God Jesus K pdf ebooks free Download Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life pdf ebooks free Download The Arising Voice ( Vol. 3) A Book Series for Christian Disciple pdf ebooks free Download Voice in the Night pdf ebooks free Download Life Changing pdf ebooks free Other PDF Books: Download The Four Loves pdf ebooks by C.S. Lewis Download The Intolerance of Tolerance pdf ebooks by D. A. Carson Download The Weight of Glory pdf ebooks by C. S. 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Becoming a Doctor Essays

Becoming a Doctor Essays Becoming a Doctor Essay Becoming a Doctor Essay Becoming a doctor†¦well, that is no easy task. Metaphorically, it’s a love or hate situation. Before you decide to enter the field, you need to make sure you have the qualities of being a doctor, which are to be very personable, willing to help other people, passionate, determined, hard worker, and devoted to your job. One thing that immediately eliminates a lot of people from considering this field is the sight of blood. You have to make sure you can be able to see that, in order to even think about becoming a doctor.I made the decision to wanting to become a doctor when I was 15 years old. My brother got in an accident where he fell off his bike in the forest onto a log and one of the branches punctured right in his arm. My step-grandfather and I had to rush him to the hospital, since my mom wasn’t home. My mom ordered me, â€Å"Don’t leave your brother alone in the room, you have to stay with him. † I did as I was told, and the doctor came in short ly. He introduced himself, inspected my brother’s 3 inch wide puncture, turned to me and said â€Å"My nurse isn’t here, will you be my helper for today? I nodded my head since I was scared to say no. I helped the doctor look in my brother’s arm for little splints, held my brother’s hand when they were injecting anesthesia around and in the gash to numb it, and kept pouring an antiseptic fluid in a tray for the doctor as he cleaned the wound and stitched my brother’s arm back up. It was an experience I would never forget, because since then, I decided that’s what I wanted to be, an Emergency Room doctor. Eight to nine years of your life can seem like a long time, but the rewards are great once you cross the finish line.Your first four years of undergraduate school entails of taking all you core science classes, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Psychology, and Genetics. Once you finish the required credits, then you can apply for Medical school. Applicants for Med school are evaluated on the basis of their academic performance record, the MCAT, clinical exposure/experience, extracurricular activities and a personal interview. A sustained record of high-level academic performance while carrying above average credit hour loads is expected for competitive applicants.One you are accepted in Med school, then you have the four most demanding years of your life ahead of you. There are numerous amounts of courses you must take and as well as be practicing in hospitals throughout these four years and as well as be practicing in hospitals. Once you finish those four years, you will be expected to spend one to two years specializing what branch of medicine you wish to work in. Once you finish that, Congratulations! You’ve completed a dream where many people don’t have the chance to attain.

Neo expressionism essays

Neo expressionism essays The term neo-expressionism describes the art movement that dominated the art market in the early and mid 1980s. The word neo refers to a revival of previous ideas or trends. Expressionism was a style from around the time of World War 1 that was highly personal, and was often executed with violent fervor. Neo-expressionism is similar, and also generally uses bright colors, recognizable objects (such as the human body) with distorted representation, great expression of emotion, and often commentary on social issues. It usually is not realistic. The common subject matter often deals with the negative aspects of life: vulgarities, violence, cynicism, and brutality. It is full of symbolism, and is considered figurative and gestural. A varied assemblage of young artists portrayed the human body in reaction and in contrast to the remote, introverted, and highly intellectualized abstract art production in the 1970s. The original goal of these artists was to depict emotional and psycholog ical concerns of themselves and their times. This is often achieved by using heavy black outlines to express anger and hostility in addition to strong contrasts of the bold colors. Other artists explored color and abstraction to express spiritual and/or mystical ideas. Other common traits presented in paintings of this style included: a rejection of traditional standards of composition and design, the use of vivid but jarringly banal color harmonies, and a simultaneously tense and playful presentation of objects in a primitivist manner that communicates a sense of inner disturbance, tension, alienation, and ambiguity. This movement was also linked to and in part generated by new and aggressive methods of salesmanship, media promotion, and marketing on the part of dealers and galleries. It was controversial both in the quality of its art products and in the highly commercialized aspects of its presentation to the art-buying publ ...

Validity of the Beneficiary Principle Case Study

Validity of the Beneficiary Principle - Case Study Example The principle of the â€Å"human beneficiary was first set out in the case of Morice v Bishop of Durham2. Since equity starts out in the form of a measure of â€Å"confidence reposed in some other† which imposes â€Å"a duty or aggregate accumulation of obligations† that connotes some beneficial interest3, therefore in the absence of beneficiaries with equitable interests in the assets of the trust, there will be no one in whose favor the Court can decree performance and therefore the trust will fail.4 Alternatively, when there is no clearly identified human beneficiary, a trust could be classified as a charitable trust where the beneficiaries will extend to an entire class of people rather than being restricted to specific individuals, thereby satisfying the beneficiary principle without a clearly identified human beneficiary. However, in order to qualify as a charitable trust, it must satisfy one of the four purposes spelled out in the case of Pemsel5, i.e, (a) advan cement of religion (b) advancement of education (c) relief of poverty and (d) other purposes beneficial to the community. Alternatively, as specified in the case of Re Endacott, â€Å"a trust not being a charitable trust, in order to be effective must have ascertained or ascertainable beneficiaries.†6 In the case of Re Lipinski Oliver J draws a distinction in a testamentary disposition, between a purpose which is invalid (excluding tombs, animals and monuments cases), and a ‘people trust’ which is valid.7 Therefore, the beneficiary principle essentially invalidates trusts which are purpose trusts, unless it is (a) charitable (b) has ascertained or ascertainable beneficiaries or (c) is a trust of imperfect obligation, such as a trust for the upkeep of particular animals as in the case of Re Dean where the testator wanted his horses.

American Fashion in 1980's through today Research Paper

American Fashion in 1980's through today - Research Paper Example The essay "American Fashion in 1980's through today" talks about the fashion and trends in America from the 1980s till today. In early 80s, men began wearing tight fitting trousers and loose shirts. This fashion applied in equal measure to women. In addition, men grew mustaches following the influence of TVs such as Magnum. Medium sized hair characterized the early 80s hairstyle for men. However, towards the end of 1980s men started growing long hair. Brand names were also a notable fashion of the time. Headbands were a popular fashion in early 1980s. Miniskirts and leg warmers were common among women. It is arguable that cheerleaders influenced the design and wearing of miniskirt. Valley girl a movie played in 1983 had a big influence to dressing style of many women. In mid 1980s, leather outfits and jeans gained popularity among women. Lace was also common among women. Women also dressed in miniskirts while going to business meeting. Notably, women wore miniskirts with leggings. So lid color, simple pattern, and silhouette were the design of most female clothing towards the end of 1980s. High-heeled shoes among women were common during this period. Another common shoe trend was dolly shoes, which edged to early 1990s. Fashion trends of 1980s started fading at the beginning of 1990s. Men started growing long hair. Flannel shirts were common among men. Navy blue blazers, Khaki slacks, canvas shoes, and leather jackets become common. Other common clothing was denim jackets, sheepskin coats, and polo shirts.

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journals - Essay Example † (Mitchell 1). The writer assesses the technique in which the webpage might destroy Harry potter by comparing it to Star Wars. The article has a comical and self-deprecating tone. This is because much of the article is written in a blithe, funny manner. The author makes fun of himself, for instance, when he says, â€Å"opening thousands of pistachio nuts can cause severe thumb-bruising, I can tell you from bitter experience of my life on the brink† (Mitchell 1). The author, Mitchell, has used a simile at the opening of the news story, â€Å"Harry Potter is like football, I’m talking about the literary, cinematic and merchandising phenomenon, not its focal fictional wizard, he isn’t like football† (Mitchell 1). He employs this allegory to include comicalness to the story. According to Mitchell, Potter’s fans are more desperate for more just like football fans that do not get enough of the games, commentary and analysis. The author has also emp loyed imagery, â€Å"every generation must lose its innocence, and must see the brightly painted nursery wall smashed away by the wrecking ball of betrayal to reveal a blighted landscape† (Mitchell 1). ... The article explains more about the achievements of the deceased. Therefore, the author, Migdail-Smith, frames the purpose of the article as the loss of a business icon. The title or the topic of the news article is straight to the point and a reader can predict the contents of the article without reading it. However, the topic of the article is not particularly captivating. Connotations of the linguistic signs presented in a news article are imperative to the significance of the news item to the person who reads. The meanings of the news item are observed within a framework recognizable by the reader. The headlines of an article should purpose to attract the reader. This article is purely objective and does not express the writer’s opinions on the subject matter. Additionally, the writer uses short sentences and simple words making it easier for the reader to understand. For instance, the writer uses, â€Å"the elder Carlino, who died Friday at age 92, lived in Montgomery Co unty† and â€Å"Penn National, routinely named among the fastest-growing companies nationally, continues to operate from Wyomissing† (Migdail-Smith 1). The article has a somber tone, which is established at the beginning of the article when the author notes, â€Å"The man who laid the foundation for what is now Penn National Gaming Inc. has died†. Anyone reading this article is expected to show grief and express sympathy to the family for their loss Journal 3 Article â€Å"Sick internet 'troll' who posted vile messages and videos taunting the death of Teenagers is jailed for 18 WEEKS† In this article explains how a man was sentenced to 18 years in prison for posting spiteful and horrible comments in Facebook about teenagers who had committed

Usa And Mexico Immigration Issues Essay Example for Free

Usa And Mexico Immigration Issues Essay Why people from other nations wants to immigrate to U. S. Perhaps, there are great potentials to earn good money through employment, can lead good standard of living, having the pride to be the citizen of the World’s richest country and many more advantages like free medical coverage and financial aid to poor, and to have great business potentialities. This research essay analyses issues relating to immigrant in U. S. A , its impact , nature of issues involving the immigrant, its effect on American economy and probable solutions to issue. [Peter Katel 393-420]. America can be called as land of immigration and even today, over 43 million American still claim German ancestry and 34 million claim Irish roots. America’s first wave of immigration was principally drawn from western and northern Europe –Teutonic and Celtic in origin. However, starting in the 1870’s, a substantial portion of Jewish, Latin, and Slavic peoples migrated to American shores and this group accounted for about 70% of the immigrant population in U. S. A. [Msaci 921-944]. After the 9/11 attack, US immigration policy has been tightened. In US, immigration policy has always been a contentious subject. [David Merchant 287]. It is estimated that more than 10 million illegal immigrants reside in the United States and about 1500 illegal immigrants mainly from Mexico are illegally entering into the US on daily basis. [Peter Katel 393]. According to U. S –Mexico Studies center at the University of Texas at Dallas, it would be very difficult to perform many jobs in USA if undocumented peoples from Mexico are not there. . [Peter Katel 393-420]. This research essay mainly researches into the issue of immigration. Between the USA and the Mexico and what are the similarities and the differences between them in detail. 2. ANALYSIS: According to U. S-Mexico relations center at the University of California, the U. S economy would not come to a halt without illegal immigrants but at the same time, they are significant to some specific industries. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In the year 1940s, United States loosened up its immigration policies mainly for political and economic reasons. In the year 1942 , mainly to relax shortage of wartime labor shortages and to partly to authorize and control the flow of Mexican agricultural employees into the USA and initiated the guest worker program namely ‘Bracero† which implies ‘workers’ in Spanish as it permitted employees from the Caribbean and the Mexico mainly to pick crops in Western states of USA. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In 1952, US enacted a law which contained a gaping loophole –the Texas Proviso- a transparent concession to safeguard agricultural interests of Texas that depended on cheap labour flow from Mexico. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In 1986, due to heightening of economic crisis in Mexico, about 1. 7 millions crossed the Mexican border and landed in the US. It is to observed that illegal immigration from Mexico could not be stopped even after 9/11 attack and it is estimated that about 58% of illegal immigrants in USA are emerging from Mexico. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Further , the provision in the immigration law of US as regards to the family-reunification has made the Mexico as the leading country as about 116,000 of the total 706,000 legal immigrants in the fiscal year 2002-2003 accounted from Mexico alone. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Further, North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA] did not generate sufficient jobs in Mexico to keep away Mexicans from migrating to USA. Further, the Immigration Enforcement Improvement Act of 1996 did not reduce the flow of illegal immigrants into the USA. If political unrest in Mexico continues then it would spiral the illegal immigration into USA both under economic and political causes. [Peter Katel 393-420]. To curb the illegal immigration from Mexico, some critics have suggested for the introduction of Real ID Act, which would institute national driver’s licence criterions and to complete the fencing of U. S – Mexican border near San Diego at faster speed. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Critics vehemently argue that illegal immigrants from Mexico have stolen the American’s jobs considerably , chance of inflicting non-English speaking menace to American culture , ruining the robust American economy and causing overall threat to national security . Some critics have opined that by allowing illegal immigrants in American soil , poverty is being imported by millions on every year basis. [Peter Katel 393-420]. However, the Mexican illegal immigrants in the USA are being considered as heroes in their homeland as they braved death in desert while crossing the border and undertook dangerous jobs in service and construction industry to support their families at home. It is estimated that more than 3,000 Mexicans have lost their life between 1996 and 2004 while crossing the US-Mexican border . However, those who successfully crossed the border and find employment in the US were mobilized about $16 billion during 2006 alone to their motherland which formed the third largest source of revenue in the Mexican budget. [Peter Katel 393-420]. In 2004 alone, it was estimated that about 4,500 illegal immigrants from Mexico were mistreated or injured by anti-immigrants activists or by Border Patrol agents of USA. Anti-immigrants activists are of the view that illegal immigrants are draining the coffers by way of education, health care and social services and also responsible for gang-oriented crime. [Peter Katel 393-420]. The Bush’s new immigration bill stipulates that the employer should insist from the employee before offering employment for his US passport or secure Social Security card or driver’s license. [Peter Katel 393-420]. As a measure to legalize the illegal immigrants living in USA, the proposed bill suggests that such aspirants have to demonstrate that they are living in US since earlier 1st January, 2007 onwards and these people are entitled to claim a special probationary status right away. This process permits them to stay and work in the USA legally. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Further , Bush new immigration policy also have allocated more than 380,000 ‘green cards’ with permanent legal resident status mainly to attract skilled , highly talented who are needed in US job market each year. Further, these green cards are awarded on a point system where preference for siblings and adult children would be abolished. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Another special feature of Bush immigrant policy is that it offers opportunity to more than 200,000 foreign workers on temporary basis to work in the USA under guest-worker program. However, it is to be noted there is no cap on the visas to be issued to agriculture workers in USA. According to US Commerce department, the number of Americans at prime working age group between 25 and 54 is constantly growing at a phase of 0. 2% per year while at the same time, the job market in the US is growing at the phase of 1. 2% per annum. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Some are of the view that liberal immigration policy will result in unemployment problems and an escalation in crime rates. Further, illegal immigration from neighboring countries like Cuba, Mexico is on the rise and has created law and order problem in U. S like operation of street gangs, drug trafficking, armed robbery etc. According to United States Census Bureau [2005], there were nearly a third of the 35 million foreign born population of the United States is from Mexico. On realizing the severity of the illegal immigration, California State has enacted strict laws to crack down illegal immigrants. It has also initiated preventive measures like increasing the number of border guards, cautious to grant political asylum etc. One of the arguments against liberal immigration policy is that citizen workers who are hailing from racial and ethnic minorities are at greater disadvantage due to illegal immigrations. Further, the presence of illegal workers in large numbers makes it extremely difficult to unionize workers in secondary labor markets. Definitely illegal immigration will definitely have its impact on the poor citizens in the United States. [Merchant, David 287]. One of the recommended solutions to the immigration issue is that to have much stricter immigration laws and enforcement mingled with the economic aid to Mexico to develop its northern Border States and free trade in goods and services. According to Veblen, international borders, restrictions on migration and all types of nationalism act as a blockade to maintain industrial efficiency. Further, technology revolution is a global phenomenon and it is to be observed that no civilized country’s industrial structure will work in isolation. [Veblen, 1918]. According to Wendell Gordon, U. S should adopt a more open border policy and U. S today’s economic development may be attributed to its liberal immigration policy as liberal immigration policy has helped to achieve economic development process. Gordon was not agreeing to the idea of that Mexico tops the illegal immigration in U. S. A. According to the available data in 1973, there were about 3 million illegal immigrants who had entered into U. SA. Gordon doubted about the accuracy of this data as â€Å"Mexican population would have augmented by 8. 6% if Mexico had actually exported to U. S in a single year†. [Gordon, 1975]. Gordon was also against the view that illegal migrants were robbing the job from U. S workers. But according to Briggs, immigration policy should be evaluated mainly on labor market consideration. Briggs was of the view that colossal inflow of illegal immigrants is making serious interferences in the normal labor market adjustment processes. [Briggs, 1975]. Between January 2000 and March ,2005 , there was an increase in the estimated 7. 9 million new immigrants both legal and illegal which amounted the highest ever five year period in American history – almost surpassing the peak 10 year period between 1900-1909. How U. S has benefited from immigration can be illustrated by the following illustration. Adam and Balfour have won the coveted Louis Brown low Award of the National Academy of Public Administration (1998) and Best Book Award of the Academy of Management in the same year for their book â€Å"Unmasking Administrative Evil† and have cited how SS-supplied slaves were used for building V2 rockets by Germans. Thus, slaves with technical skills from the camp Mittelbau-Dora were supplied for Mittel work factory. It was said that though they built around 6000 rockets in a period of two years but more than 20,000 deaths were reported. Thus human deaths by accident while making the rocket surpassed the number of rockets actually produced! The project leader Von Braun and about 120 members were whisked off to US, though nearly 50% of them were Nazi party members while other Nazi members of rocket factory were tried after the war. This Nazi project team was given protection in US, their erstwhile records were destroyed and finally they were sanitized. Later, they were made in-charges of US missile program and equipped US in facing threats from the USSR in the cold war era. The two roles played by Von Braun was highlighted in the book . One as the project leader in Nazi’s camps and wielding his powers in the business of making missiles and the other being his role in US by equipping it with latest missiles to protect against it from USSR threats. Thus, the main purpose of the system rather than its administrative evil would have to be viewed. Due to alarming immigration to US from other countries, U. S government was forced to enact Immigration Act as early as 1907. It was again amended in 1917. In 1921 and 1924, amendments were introduced through immigration bills. The number of immigrants was only around three million in 1986 and liberal immigration policy allowed to swell to twelve million in 2006. The Immigration and Naturalization Service’s function and responsibilities changed under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. This law, signed under President Regan, also allowed a certain number of aliens living in America legally, permitted to become legal resident of U. S. However, the immigrants in USA and their supporters vehemently oppose the Bush government’s following moves to streamline the illegal immigrations in the country. ? To remove the proposed legislation to impose a fine of $ 5000 on illegal immigrants who look for legal status in the US. ? To abolish the proposed legislative provision as regards to necessitate guest-workers to go back to their home country for a year for every two years employed in the US. ? To desist to offer more priority in according legal status to highly –qualified, skilled and well-educated immigrants in preference to those who have their family in the US. [Fidel V. Ramos NA]. However, both U. S and Mexican government has realized the significance of flow illegal immigrants from Mexico to U. S and have initiated â€Å"voluntary repatriation† program mainly to deport such illegal immigrants to Mexico from U. S. [Peter Katel 393-420]. Mexico’s new charisma leader Mr. Vincente Fox has sought amnesty for some undocumented Mexicans working in the US and it seems that Bush is enthusiastic to consider the same. It is being argued by immigrant right’s advocates and American labor unions are of the opinion that Mexican workers in U. S offer invaluable labor and their rights should be safeguarded by removing the fear of deportation. Thus, the two leaders are trying to resolve many burning issues between them which include an American appreciation of Mexican attempts to desist drugs from entering the US from Mexican soil and the effect of the NAFTA on Mexican developing economy. [Msaci 921-944]. NAFTA had eliminated trade barriers between the Mexico and the US and helped the Mexican economy to grow. This has paved the way for the Mexicans to stay in the home instead of illegally immigrating to the US in search of jobs. Supporters of the NAFTA have demonstrated by showing impressive development in Mexico’s gross domestic product [GDP] since its introduction. [Msaci 921-944]. However, NAFTA critics were of the opinion that tens of thousands of small and medium-sized business into bankruptcy, resulting mass unemployment among Mexicans and it was further argued that Purchasing power parity of the average Mexican has dwindled than before the implementation of NAFTA treatment. [Msaci 921-944]. Some critics argue that Mexico will never be decertified since minimizing U. S support would destroy one of USA’s most significant associates. In July 2007, Bush made a statement that he wishes to legalize almost 3 million Mexicans residing illegally in the USA. [Msaci 921-944]. CONCLUSION: It appears that current U. S immigration laws does not satisfy any one and there is lack of enforcement as it is evidenced from employer sanctions which was first enacted into law with the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act [ ICRA] of 1986. Congress debates on immigrant issues always centers around stricter enforcement, laying of fence along the border, ways and means to legalize various undocumented workers and to augment the free flow of workers. The Congress is more concerned with the illegal migration from Mexico and possible effect on the labor market. Further, the current proposals are emotionally attached to homeland security issues. Since U. S is actively engaged in globalization process, market-oriented mainstream economics can only substantiate open borders. Any impediments on capital, trade or labor mobility are inconsistent with the narrowly defined conventional conceptions of efficiency. Redefining the immigration debate in terms of dynamic economic process and economic development would be a significant milestone in developing a momentous approach to immigration issues. It is to be noted that both the Gordon and Galbraith argued that migration was a key component in the economic development process. Unless American leaders concur to scrutinize immigration in view of its historic record and present state of health, it will prolong the country’s most unsettled and misunderstood issue.