Main Barriers Sustainable Development Developing Countries Initiatives Overcome Economics Essay

Main Barriers sustainable Development Developing Countries Initiatives Overcome Economics EssayAny solid ground whose standard of keep is at a blue level is referred to as a exploitation hoidenish. Development level varies from country to country therefrom can non be generalized in meaning. Using numerical categorization, Countries with low and lay income attain been categorised as ontogenesis by the World blaspheme. Dividing economies with the 2008 vulgar National Income per capita (GNI), developing countries were identified by GNI per capital below $11 905. Countries having progressive economies nevertheless which set reveal not attained a extra standard to be referred to as genuine country atomic number 18 categorised as Newly Industrialized Country (NIC). Such countries argon express to find rapid growth in their economy but shit still not reached the standard of the First World, these are proudly developed countries (see http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Develop ed_country)Almost all countries of the third world can be categorized as developing, they including all African countries excluding Stabooh Africa, all countries in the center of attention East excluding Turkey, all Asian countries excluding China, Japan, Singapore, Russia, Taiwan India, Myanmar and South Korea, some countries in Eastern Europe, Southern the Statesn countries excluding Brazil and the Caribbean excluding Jamaica and Cuba.FileWorld Bank income groups.svgFig1 Countries based on World Bank income groupings for 2006 (calculated by GNI per capita, Atlas method). senior high school income Upper-middle income Lower-middle income Low incomeSource http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrySustainable DevelopmentSustainable learning as defined in 1987 in a report by Brundtland is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future day generations to meet their receive needs. (Hecht, 1999)Sustainable development as an aspiratio n is global as an current process, it is local. A growing tour of scientists and technologists share in the aspiration and test with the local (Mabogunje and Kates, 2004).For sustainable development to be come upond, particularly in developing countries, some stages feed to be undergone it is similarly necessary for essential construct blocks to be implemented. The sparing, social and environmental factors turn over to be considered in a transparent and open manner. In many developing countries, the fundamental expression blocks, much(prenominal) as a free-market economy, transparency of goernment operations, public assenting to information, public involvement in decision making, and enforcement of environmental laws, are worn or absent. Although some developing countries are strengthening domestic policies and regulations and creating economic policy incentives for attracting environmentally sound investment, progress is unwind and uneven. (Hecht,1999).BarriersDevelo ping countries bring forth less sustainable livelihoods today than they had 25 years ago. The issue of sustainable development involves making sure that the ongoing development does not chance on future generation.Some of the following issues contribute to the low sustainability level in developing countriesExtreme PovertyPoverty is the most prominent rampart to development in developing countries. Almost all population install up in these countries live in rural settlements and depend on agribusiness as their main source of income. Poverty and the environment nourish a strong connection especially in countries with economies that depend on native resources. For people in these countries to meet their needs, they engage in local activities such(prenominal) as tree cutting for fuel wood, wild life inquisition (leading to extinction), extensive and excessive farming system and so on. These activities are carried out to meet the needs of today but the repercussions await the fu ture generations. de woodwind instrumentationIntense farming and deforestation in South America has odd some areas with only 5% of natural vegetation. If this trend continues, there competency be little or nothing left to pass to the future generations.Africa had about 650 million hectares of woodlands and forests but between 1990 and year 2000, about 53 million hectares of forest was lost (Africare speech, 2008). In respect to the global forest loss, this was about 56% in that period. Deforestation has a leave aloneant feat on protection of soils, the land is more exposed to adverse conditions the likes of erosion and evaporation, also quality of water is affected by deforestation. completely these testament invariably tell on the production and economy of countries involved.urban DevelopmentUrban areas in developing countries are expected to be more populated majorly beca engage of migration. However this comes with a great environmental challenge. A faithful number of urba n dwellers either inhabit spend areas or carve a slum-niche for themselves simply because they do not have legitimate sets to own their properties. Slum conditions lack cracking, portable water, electri city and other underlying amenities of life. The issue of waste disposal in slum areas is ordinarily carelessly handled, this poses as a threat to health and safety of slum dwellers. It is not a surprise to use plastic bags as alert toilets in some large slums like Kibera, Nairobis largest slum.Also, because of the nature of these areas, there is sum up in miscreants among juveniles. This has a direct negative effect on teen adults who are supposed to be leading of tomorrow. This is where the effect of the environment on the social life of individuals comes in to play. Some shanty areas in Nigeria have in recent propagation produced the highest number of notorious young adults.urbanisation in developing countries results in rattling large population inhabiting very small area, polluted water and air, poor public transport among other things. These environmental conditions lead to low standard of living in these areas.In South America, urban population is found in settlements called squatter, Brazil having favelas while Venezuela has barrios. Caracas is known to have over 50% population living in squatters. These squatters are usually made from scrap and cardboard materials in areas that are prone to inundate or steep areas. After a while, the construction is upgraded with better materials but the settlements remain in an irregular profit with small paths and streets, there is usually no plan for waste management, drainpipe or water supply.The Asian continent among others is not left out in urbanization issues. Bangladesh, a country in Asia has had an increase in urban poverty in recent times. In Dhaka city alone, from 1974 to 2005 slum population has jumped from 250,000 to 2,840,000 during the span of little over 3 decades (Haider, 2008). During these decades, the number of slums also depart magnitude from 500 to 4,300. While slum population has increased by more than 11 times the number of slums has increased 8.6 times during this period. The causes for the increase of slum population are certainly complex. However, the major typeface is again related to the lack of well paying jobs in urban areas. There are also cases of downward mobility in urban areas of urban dwellers themselves. Although Bangladesh has been able to reduce urban poverty to some extent, there are pockets of chronic poverty in slums that seem very hard to overcome. (Haider,2008).http//www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol18no2/2809067_slum.jpgNairobi, Kenya sixty per cent of the citys people live in slum areas.Source http//www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol18no2/182environ.htm advert of Industrial WasteThe process of obtaining non-renewable materials from natural resources has an adverse effect on the environment. A good example is Nigeria, a d eveloping country in West Africa. The Niger Delta environment has been polluted by oil spills and flares from gas for over half a century. A target was set forth to put a stop to flaring of gas but this seems to be unachievable with the trend of events.Mine sites which are no longer in use in some parts of Africa contribute to the nuisance that the environment is becoming. In general, mineral and oil exploration contribute to water pollution (which also causes death of organisms in water), contaminated soil, e.tc. Developing countries volition continue to have great challenge in attaining sustainable development if the current access to extraction of resources is not addressed.Effect of Climate Change on surroundingsAfrica as a continent has so many developing countries. Studies from the IPCC (Inter-governmental instrument panel on Climate Change) show that this continent is more prone to the blow of climate change than any other part of the world. Some of the do of climate ch ange accommodate less rainfall in areas already experiencing dryness like the southern and eastern parts, and increased drought in north central Africa. It is also predicted that by 2025 (Africare speech,2008), western African countries will experience scarcity of water, such countries like Ghana, Burkina Faso, Benin Republic, Mauritania, Nigeria e.t.c.While other issues are more pressing and getting better attention from African leaders (such issues as malaria, HIV AIDS, poverty, starvation e.t.c), to sustain the future generation, Africa has to be in full at alert and address the issue of climate change unpaired to its environment.In other areas, climate change may cause flooding in contrast to its effect in these countries. In South America for instance, climate change has an effect on their environment which in amount has a multiplier effect on readying for growth.La Plata River handbasin which is the fifth largest river in the world generates about 50% of South Americas crude National Product (GNP) and five countries share boundaries with this river- Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The effect of climate change in this river basin has affected the economy and as a result its population. Flow in this region has been 30% greater since 1970 than in earlier time. This is in contrast to the total rainfall before 1970 and below average rainfall afterwards in sub-Saharan Africa (Africare speech, 2008). decadencyCorruption is a major barrier to sustainable development in every country that it exists. It steals from todays children the resources they will need to survive tomorrow. There is a direct get in touch between underdevelopment and corruption. The former encourages the latter. A good scenario is the public service low income in developing countries, this stimulates trivial corruption. The level of education and enlightenment in these countries also put people in ignorance of their statutory rights, thereby expectant room for cor rupt individuals.Initiatives to Overcome BarriersThe discussion about openings to overcome barriers to sustainable development in developing countries will not be reassert without mentioning the millennium development goals (MDGs). The MDGs were initiated in September 2000 during the United Nations Summit. These goals are octonary in number and they break down into quantifiable targets that are 21 in number, they are also measured by 60 indicators. They allow in the followingExtreme poverty and hunger eradicationUniversal unproblematic education for allEncourage women empowerment and gender equality quail death rate of childrenImprove maternal healthFight against diseases especially malaria and HIV/AIDSImplement sustainable developmentDevelop a global partnership for developmentThese goals were created having developing countries in mind as the issues addressed are mostly concerned with them. However, the indicators for these goals show that they have not been effectively imple mented locally and globally, they also show that the time ring given to them will not be realistic.Over the years, developing countries have recognized the importance of environmental management and sustainability and there have been initiatives unmatched to each country and situation to enhance this.Some of those initiatives acknowledge establishing Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). NGOs have gained reputation especially internationally as they are consulted on matters of planning and implementation of policies made at national and international levels. Examples of such implicate Global Volunteer Network, Cross-Cultural Solutions, Conserve Africa, Africa Guide, Action for Agricultural renewing in Maharashtra (AFARM), Conservation Council for South Australia to mention a few.NGOs offer a clearer perspective and a wealth of experience in relevant areas such as human right defense, environmental protection, grassroots development, poverty alleviation, e.t.c. To succeed in th eir activities, these organizations should work alongside the government by participating in development, planning policies and decision making at the various levels of administration.However, since they are voluntary, accessibility of funds for NGOs might pose a slight challenge and they sometimes have to depend on funds from large hearted individuals. other(a) initiatives include creating anticorruption agencies. Since corruption impedes development at all levels of government, countries have created such agencies to nock corrupt practices, examples include Office of Anti-Corruption Commission Bhutan (Asia), Independent Authority Against Corruption- Mongolia ( Asia), Anti- Corruption Commission- Bangladesh (Asia), Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission -Kenya (Africa), Independent Corrupt Practices Commission Nigeria (Africa), War Against Indiscipline and Corruption- Nigeria (Africa), bitch Against Indiscipline- Nigeria (Africa), e.t.c These are just a few as there have been numero us organizations at different levels of government that function in this regard. However, as many as these appear to be, the issue of corrupt practices still tail their head. When caught in the act and asked, culprits sometimes blame the economy and government but those are just the ones who are brought to book, top citizens who have connections in high places are usually seen as above the law. This falls back to having good leadership in developing countries as well as citizens having the right attitude, without these, corruption will still find its way in these countries and the efforts of these organizations will not be justified.For every country, the children are the future leaders good education for them is a very important factor for development. Some efforts have been made by countries and their governments to develop the minds of youngsters educationally, there have been schemes to haunt students afield to acquire various skills and knowledge so as to implement and dese gregate these skills once back home. Recently, the Federal Government of Nigeria awarded 1,087 undergraduate and postgraduate Nigerian students scholarship to study locally. There have also been organizations (PTF-Petroleum Trust Fund) that sponsor student abroad for studies from Nigeria. Other scholarship boards in other countries include Integrated Community Development Fund (ICDF) in Bolivia, Banque Libano Francaise in Lebanon and a host of others in other countries. This initiative has a very slow but steady growth in various developing countries. Other countries simply affiliate themselves with foreign government and bodies to get necessary support. certaintySince each developing country has its own government and ruling council, initiatives for achieving sustainable development in these countries differ, this is also because apart from the challenges listed above, some countries have challenges that are peculiar in nature to their environment, society and economy. In this rega rd, these countries tend to execute towards initiatives which particularly address their peculiar problems.Coming up with initiatives is one thing, implementing those initiative is another. In my belief, the latter is more important than the former. To achieve sustainable development, developing countries must make conscious efforts to implement the existing initiatives while sounding to create new ones. Lastly, achieving sustainable development in developing countries takes a gradual (not magical) process levels of achievements can only be measured with indicators periodically. It is up to every individual to contribute in little ways to achieve a nation and global sustainable environment for the future generation.